Immunological Defenses in Fishes

Immunological defenses in fish are critical for their survival in aquatic environments, as they are constantly exposed to pathogens. Fish have both innate and adaptive immune systems, which work together to fight infections. The innate immune system includes physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes, as well as cellular defenses such as macrophages and neutrophils. The adaptive immune system, though less developed than in mammals, involves the production of antibodies and specialized cells that recognize specific pathogens. Fish immune systems are constantly evolving in response to environmental pressures. Understanding these immune defenses is crucial in aquaculture, as it helps develop strategies to prevent diseases and improve the health and welfare of farmed fish, thereby enhancing production efficiency.